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Natural egg parasitism of Tibraca limbativentris Stal (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in rice crop in the State of Maranhão, Brazil
About this Resource: The rice stem bug, Tibraca limbativentris Stal, is an important pest of rice in Brazil. This study evaluated the occurrence of parasitoids in eggs of T.limbativentris egg parasitism in rice crops in the Maranhão State. The eggs collected exhibited an average parasitism of 32%. The parasitoids collected were Telenomus podisi (Ashmead), Trissolcus urichi (Crawford) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) and Oencyrtus submetallicus (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae).

A Comparison of the Submergence Response of Deepwater and Non-Deepwater Rice.
About this Resource: Twelve cultivars of rice, representing deepwater, short-statured, and semidwarf types, were tested for their reaction to submergence. The magnitude of the response varied between cultivars, although all cultivars responded to submergence by rapid growth once internodal elongation had started. Three of these cultivars were tested for elongation capacity at four ages. The deepwater rice was capable of rapid internodal elongation in response to submergence at 4 weeks of age. Growth of the short-statured and semidwarf cultivars was not stimulated by submergence until about 10 weeks of age.

A new rice repetitive DNA shows sequence homology to both 5S RNA and tRNA.
About this Resource: This study reports the discovery of a novel, transcribed, moderately repetitive DNA sequence in a higher plant which is different from any of the known repetitive DNA sequences from any organism. The sequence of this 352 bp cDNA contains four regions of homology to the wheat phenylalanine tRNA, including the polymerase III-type promoter. Unexpectedly, two regions of the same 352 bp sequence also show homology to the wheat 5S RNA sequence. Using the cDNA as a probe, six genomic clones with long tandem repeats of 355 bp sequence were isolated and nine repeat units were sequenced. Findings suggest that the rice repetitive sequence may be an amplified pseudogene with sequence homology to both 5S RNA and tRNA, but organized as long tandem repeats resembling 5S RNA genes.

A Red-Far Red Reversible Effect on Uptake of Exogenous Indoleacetic Acid in Etiolated Rice Coleoptiles.
About this Resource: The uptake and accumulation of exogenous indoleacetic acid-(14)C by intact rice coleoptiles were studied. The absorption of exogenous indoleacetic acid was controlled by phytochrome, while the subsequent accumulation of this indoleacetic acid in various portions of the coleoptile was complex, and the effect of red light in this system was small compared to the alteration of the uptake of indoleacetic acid by red light. The main interaction between phytochrome and indoleacetic acid appears to occur during the absorption of exogenous indoleacetic acid.

A Soluble Fraction Requirement in the Transfer Reaction of Protein Synthesis by Rice Embryo Ribosomes.
About this Resource: The requirements for the transfer of (14)C-phenylalanine from yeast soluble ribonucleic acid to protein in vitro by rice ribosomes were investigated. An absolute requirement for polyuridylic acid, 2-mercaptoethanol, guanosine triphosphate, magnesium, and potassium or ammonium ions and ribosomes were demonstrated. Ribosomes washed in 0.5% sodium deoxycholate also required the presence of rice supernatant.

A study of free amino acids in rice moth larvae during mycotoxicosis.
About this Resource: Free amino acid pattern were studied in rice moth larvae during aflatoxicosis and compared with normal in ground nut meal and wheat bran. It was observed that there is an increase in free amino acids in intoxicated larvae directly proportional to the degree of toxicity as indicated by decrease in growth of these larvae. The study of excretary pattern of amino acids indicates that intoxicated larvae excrete less amino acids than the normal larvae. The results have been discussed.

Ability of 6 grams of nitrogen from a combination of rice, wheat, and milk to meet protein requirements of young men for 4 weeks.
About this Resource: Young men consumed a diet that provided 6.0 g of nitrogen, of which rice, wheat, and milk supplied 33, 38, and 29%, respectively. This diet's essential amino acids were at least twice the minimal required amounts reported for men. Mean nitrogen balances in four successive 7-day periods were 0.27 +/- 0.13, 0.25 +/- 0.08, 0.10 +/- 0.07 and 0.24 +/- 0.12 g; and the mean for 28 days was 0.22 +/- 0.05 g. Nitrogen retention did not differ significantly between periods. All men who weighed between 65 and 72 kg retained small amounts of nitrogen but one who weighed 78 kg was in slightly negative balance.

Absorption of macronutrients from a rice-vegetable diet before and after treatment of ascariasis in children.
About this Resource: The apparent absorption of nitrogen (N), fat, and total energy from a rice and vegetable diet was measured in 13 children of similar nutritional status but infected with varying loads of Ascaris lumbricoides. Apparent N absorption was modestly decreased initially in subjects with heavy infections as compared to those with light infections. After antihelminthic therapy there was a significant improvement in apparent N absorption, apparent N retention, and apparent fat absorption for the group as a whole, and for those with heavy infections in particular. Total energy absorption improved slightly after treatment, and there was no change in xylose excretion tests.

Action of Corn and Rice-inactivating Proteins on a Purified Nitrate Reductase from Chlorella vulgaris.
About this Resource: After nitrate reductase (NR) purified from Chlorella was incubated with NR-inactivating proteins purified from corn roots and rice cell suspension cultures or with trypsin, there was a loss in NADH-NR and NADH cytochrome c reductase (NADH-CR) activities with time whereas the reduced methylviologen NR (MV-NR) remained active. When NADH-NR and NADH-CR activities were inactivated completely by the incubation with corn protein, the major protein band obtained by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shifted from an R(F) value of 0.12 to an R(F) of 0.25 and reduced MV-NR activity moved to the new position on the gel. The corn inactivator degrades NR in a fashion similar to but not identical with trypsin.

Adaptation of Ribonucleic Acid Metabolism to Anoxia in Rice Embryos.
About this Resource: This study investigated RNA metabolism in rice during the period of adaptation to anoxic conditions, and correlated it with changes in the energy charge. Immediately after transfer to anaerobic conditions, the UTP pool size is reduced and the overall rate of incorporation drops. During adaptation, the rate of incorporation increases and stabilizes at about half of its value in aerobic conditions. These and other results show that the RNA metabolism can be modulated during adaptation to anoxia in a parallel manner with energy charge changes.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase and an Inactivator from Rice Seedlings.
About this Resource: Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) was measured in the various organs of rice seedlings growing in air. In extracts from ungerminated seeds, the ADH is stable, but in extracts from seedlings more than 2 days old the enzyme initially present loses activity in a time- and temperature-dependent fashion, due to the presence of an inactivating component which increases with age in roots and shoots. Reciprocal changes and the fact that the inactivator is absent from coleoptiles of seedlings grown in dinitrogen appear to suggest a regulatory role for the inactivator in vivo.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase Inactivator from Rice Seedlings : Properties and Intracellular Location.
About this Resource: The alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) inactivator from aerobically grown rice coleoptiles was associated with membranes which were recovered in sucrose gradients at peak density of 1.13 grams per cubic centimeter. When Mg(2+) was included in the gradient, the inactivator was recovered at peak density of 1.16 grams per cubic centimeter coinciding with the marker enzyme for endoplasmic reticulum, antimycin A-insensitive NADH cytochrome c reductase. ADH was recovered only in cytosol fractions.

All-vegetable protein mixtures for human feeding. II. The nutritive value of corn, sorghum, rice and buckwheat substituted for lime-treated corn in INCAP vegetable mixture eight.
About this Resource: Baby New Hampshire chicks were used to measure the nutritive value of ground yellow corn, grain sorghum, rice, and whole buckwheat substituted for masa flour in INCAP Vegetable Mixture 8, a formula designed for the supplementary and mixed feeding of infants and young children and containing corn masa flour, sesame flour, cottonseed flour, torula yeast and kikuyu leaf meal. The results obtained in this series of experiments suggest that any of the 4 cereals tested, ground yellow corn, buckwheat, sorghum or rice, could be substituted for all or part of the masa flour in INCAP Vegetable Mixture 8 if factors of economy and agriculture make this desirable.

Amino acid fortification of rice studies in Thailand. I. Background and baseline data.
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An Evaluation of 2,5-Norbornadiene as a Reversible Inhibitor of Ethylene Action in Deepwater Rice.
About this Resource: Partial submergence of deepwater rice induces enhancement of internodal elongation, inhibition of leaf growth, and promotion of adventitious root formation. All three responses can be induced in isolated stem sections by treatment with ethylene. Dose-response curves indicate that the responses are linearly related to the logarithm of the ethylene concentration over two orders of magnitude. Application of the cyclic olefin 2,5-norbornadiene (NBD) to ethylene-treated sections results in a parallel shift in dose-response curves to higher ethylene concentrations, indicating that NBD behaves as a competitive inhibitor of ethylene action. Internodal elongation of stem sections is promoted by gibberellic acid in the absence of exogenous ethylene.

Analysis of Genes Controlling F(1) Sterility in Rice by the Use of Isogenic Lines.
About this Resource: A series of backcrosses was performed using Taichung 65 (Japonica type) as the recurrent parent and several Indica varieties as donor parents, in order to determine the genetic basis of intervarietal F(1) sterility in rice. Pollen grains with +(1)s(2) have shown a higher fertilizing capacity in the genetic background of Taichung 65 than those with s(1) +(2), while those with +(1) +(2) have a lower fertilizing capacity. This certational advantage of alien genes was considered to be an internal mechanism that helped the development of F(1) sterility relationships among rice varieties. The isogenic F(1)-sterile lines derived from different donor parents each had a set of s genes at different loci. Linkage relations were detected between the s loci and three gene markers.

Artificial enrichment of white rice as a solution to endemic beriberi; preliminary report of field trials.
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Artificial enrichment of white rice as a solution to endemic beriberi; report of field trials in Bataan, Philippines.
About this Resource: The extensive use of enriched rice by 63,000 people in Bataan since October 1, 1948, indicates a decline of 76 to 94% in the incidence of beriberi in each of 7 municipalities. By contrast, in an adjacent control area the incidence rose somewhat during the same period. Beriberi mortality has similarly declined from 263 per 100,000 in the experimental area in 1947–1948 to 28 per 100,000 in 1949–1950, the latter rate being only a small fraction of the lowest annual rate ever previously recorded for Bataan. Infantile beriberi mortality declined 53% in the experimental area during the year during which the introduction of enriched rice took place.

Aspects of Nitrogen Metabolism in the Rice Seedling.
About this Resource: The effects of nitrogen source on nitrogen metabolism during the first 2 weeks of germination of the rice seedling were studied. Total, soluble protein, and free amino N levels were higher in the NH(4) (+)-grown seedling, particularly during the 1st week of germination. Asparagine accounted for most of the difference in free amino acid level, in both the root and the shoot. Nitrate and nitrite reductase activities were present mainly in the shoot and were higher in the NO(3) (-)-grown seedling. The activity of glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase in the root tended to be lower than that of the NH(4) (+)-grown seedling during the 1st week of germination.

Auxin Relationships of the Rice Coleoptile.
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Auxin-Gibberellin Interaction in Rice Coleoptile Elongation.
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Azodrin poisoning of waterfowl in rice fields in Louisiana.
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Bayou virus-associated hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in Eastern Texas: identification of the rice rat, Oryzomys palustris, as reservoir host.
About this Resource: This study describes the third known case of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) due to Bayou virus, from Jefferson County, Texas. By using molecular epidemiologic methods, we show that rice rats are frequently infected with Bayou virus and that viral RNA sequences from HPS patients are similar to those from nearby rice rats. Bayou virus is associated with O. palustris; this rodent appears to be its predominant reservoir host.

Biochemical Changes in the Rice Grain during Germination.
About this Resource: Changes in the content of starch, protein, and RNA and in the activity of their hydrolases in the rice endosperm were determined during the first week of germination without added nutrient both in the dark and in the light. Changes were generally more rapid in the dark than in the light.

Biochemical Characterization of Rice Glutelin.
About this Resource: The two major subunits of rice glutelin, the acidic (alpha) and basic (beta) polypeptides were purified by chromatofocusing and cation exchange chromatography, respectively. The molecular weight range of the alpha polypeptides was 28.5 to 30.8 kilodaltons and the molecular weight range of the beta polypeptides was 20.6 to 21.6 kilodaltons. A comparison of the amino acid composition of rice glutelin subunits with those of the 11S proteins from eight other plant species indicated that there is more similarity between the beta subunits than the alpha subunits of several diverse plant species.

Biochemical Factors Affecting Protein Accumulation in the Rice Grain.
About this Resource: Rice grains from three varieties and three pairs of lines with different protein content were analyzed for protein, free amino nitrogen, ribonucleic acid, protease activity, and ribonuclease activity. In addition, the capacity of the intact grain to incorporate amino acids was determined for the three pairs of lines. The maximal level of free amino nitrogen and the capacity of the developing grain to incorporate amino acids were consistently found to be higher in the samples with the high protein content in the mature grain. The ribonucleic acid content of the grain tended to be higher in the high protein samples.

Biological availability of phosphorus in rice bran and wheat bran as affected by pelleting.
About this Resource: Eight-day-old crossbred chicks were used in a series of five assays to evaluate the biologically available phosphorus in ground and steam-pelleted rice bran and wheat bran. Available phosphorus was calculated to be .23% of the rice bran and .38% of the wheat bran on an as fed basis. Compared to total phosphorus, the availability of phosphorus was 17.6 and 23.0% for rice and wheat bran, respectively. Pelleting failed to improve the available phosphorus in either test ingredient. In two subsequent assays it was shown that a) dietary organic phosphorus sources had no effect on utilization of phosphorus from inorganic sources and b) addition of 13% corn oil did not influence phosphorus utilization.

Biosynthesis of rice seed alpha-amylase: proteolytic processing and glycosylation of precursor polypeptides by microsomes.
About this Resource: Microsomes prepared from the rice seed scutellum were incubated in wheat germ extracts to direct the synthesis of alpha-amylase. The characterization and identification of the immunoprecipitable products synthesized were performed using SDS gel electrophoresis and subsequent fluorography. The molecular weight of the alpha-amylase synthesized by the microsomes was found to be identical with that of the mature secretory form of the enzyme on the basis of electrophoretic mobilities. These and other findings are reported.

Biosynthesis of Storage Proteins in Developing Rice Seeds.
About this Resource: Analysis of the starchy endosperm protein of rice during seed development confirmed that storage protein begins to accumulate about 5 days after flowering. Two polypeptide groups, 22 to 23 and 37 to 39 kilodaltons, the components of glutelin, the major storage protein in rice seed, appeared 5 days after flowering. A 26-kilodalton polypeptide, the globulin component, also appeared 5 days after flowering. Smaller polypeptides appeared about 10 days after flowering. In contrast, the levels of the 76- and 57-kilodalton polypeptides were fairly constant throughout seed development.

BRIEF PAPERS: EFFECT OF VITAMIN B(1) ON THE GROWTH OF RICE PLANTS.
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Catalase, Peroxidase, and Polyphenoloxidase Activities during Rice Leaf Senescence.
About this Resource: The activities of catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenoloxidase were studied in attached and detached rice leaves. Catalase activity decreased while peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase activities increased during senescence of both attached and detached rice leaves. Kinetic and benzimidazole retarded the decrease of catalase activity during detached leaf senescence, although they accelerated the increase of peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase activities over the water control. Total phenolics accumulated in detached and darkened rice leaves, but in attached leaf senescence in light no accumulation of phenolics was observed.

CHANGE IN ACTIVITY OF ENZYMES, SOLUBLE CARBOHYDRATES, AND INTENSITY OF RESPIRATION OF RICE SEEDS GERMINATING UNDER WATER.
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Changes in antipyrine, T1824 spaces and total body chloride following the rice diet.
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Changes in the Activity of Some Hydrolases, Peroxidase, and Catalase in the Rice Seed during Germination.
About this Resource: Changes in activity of enzymes involved in the breakdown of stored phytin, lipid, and hemicellulose in the aleurone layer of rice seeds were studied during the 1st week of germination of these seeds. Phytase activity increased within the 1st day of germination. The increase in activity of most other enzymes-phosphomonoesterase, phosphodiesterase, esterase, lipase, peroxidase, catalase, beta-glucosidase, and alpha- and beta-galactosidase-closely followed the increase in protein content. Their peak activities occurred by the 5th to the 7th day.

Characteristics of Nitrate Reductase-inactivating Proteins Obtained from Corn Roots and Rice Cell Cultures.
About this Resource: Nitrate reductase (NR)-inactivating proteins from corn roots and rice cell suspension cultures were tested against a partially purified NR obtained from corn leaves. The corn protein was purified 921-fold and the rice protein, 1,660-fold using standard purification procedures. Approximate molecular weight values were 75,000 for the corn protein, and 150,000 for the rice protein as determined by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration.

Chemical control of rice field mosquitoes in Mississippi; experiments with dieldrin.
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Chemical form of cadmium (and other heavy metals) in rice and wheat plants.
About this Resource: Chemical forms of heavy metals in rice and wheat plants grown in nutrient solution containing a heavy metal were investigated. Cadmium was associated with organic compounds of high (fraction A), intermediary (fraction B), and low molecular weight (fraction C). Material A, whose molecular weight was greater than 440,000, is probably nonspecific binding of Cd to normal cell components. Materials B and C can be classified as types of metallothionein. The molecular weight of B was 33,100. This material contains 12 mg Cd/g protein. The UV-absorption spectrum of B showed absorptions at 280 and 250 nm. Material B was not eluted even at a very high ionic strength from the DEAE-cellulose column.

Comparative analysis of the Arabidopsis and rice expressed sequence tag (EST) sets.
About this Resource: This study presents the results of systematic analysis of the Arabidopsis and rice EST sets. Non-redundant sets of sequences from Arabidopsis and rice were first separately derived and then combined so that gene families in common between the two species could be identified. Our results show that 58% of non-singleton ESTs are derived from genes in gene families common to the two species. These gene families constitute the basis of a core set of higher plant genes.

Comparison of cream of rice agar and horse serum for differentiating germ tubes of Candida albicans from filaments of Candida tropicalis.
About this Resource: Simple cream of rice agar was superior to horse serum for the demonstration of germ tubes by Candida albicans and in the differentiation of pseudohyphae of Candida tropicalis from germ tubes at 37 degrees C. Mycelium and chlamydospores were also produced on this medium.

Comparison of non-mutant and mutant waxy genes in rice and maize.
About this Resource: Cloning of a 15-kb HindIII fragment containing the entire rice gene was performed. A comparison of the restriction maps of the maize and rice genes indicates that many restriction sites within translated exons are conserved. In addition, the rice gene encodes a 2.4-kb transcript that programs the in vitro synthesis of a 64-kD pre-protein which is efficiently precipitated with maize waxy antisera. It is demonstrated that these gene products are altered in rice strains containing mutant waxy genes. Southern blot analysis of 16 rice strains, ten containing waxy mutations, reveals that the waxy gene and flanking restriction fragments are virtually identical.

Comparison of the Uptake of Nitrate and Ammonium by Rice Seedlings: Influences of Light, Temperature, Oxygen Concentration, Exogenous Sucrose, and Metabolic Inhibitors.
About this Resource: The uptake of nitrate and ammonium by rice seedlings was compared under various conditions. Nitrate uptake showed a 1-hour lag phase and then a rapid absorption phase, whereas ammonium uptake showed passive absorption during the first hour, then a shoulder of absorption, followed by a rapid metabolism-dependent absorption phase. Light did not affect the uptake of nitrate or ammonium. The uptake of nitrate and ammonium was markedly suppressed by removal of the endosperm.

Cytochrome oxidase subunit II gene of rice has an insertion sequence within the intron.
About this Resource: This study isolated and sequenced the cytochrome oxidase subunit II gene from rice (Oryza sativa L. var Labelle). The overall structural organization of this gene is very similar to that of the maize gene. This gene contains an intron in a position identical to the intron in the maize gene. However, the intron in the rice gene is longer than that of the maize gene mainly due to a 461 bp insertion sequence.

Detection of DNA "fingerprints" of cultivated rice by hybridization with a human minisatellite DNA probe.
About this Resource: A human minisatellite DNA probe detects several restriction fragment length polymorphisms in cultivars of Asian and African rice. Some fragments appear to be inherited in a Mendelian fashion and may represent unlinked loci. The hybridization patterns appear to be cultivar-specific and largely unchanged after the regeneration of plants from tissue culture. The results suggest that these regions of the rice genome may be used to generate cultivar-specific DNA fingerprints.

Development of Photosynthetic Activity following Anaerobic Germination in Rice-Mimic Grass (Echinochloa crus-galli var oryzicola).
About this Resource: Shoots of anaerobically germinated Echinochloa crus-galli var oryzicola are nonpigmented whether germinated in light or dark, and chlorophyll synthesis is minimal for the first 12 to 18 hours of greening after exposure to ambient conditions. When chlorophyll development is compared between greening anoxic and etiolated shoots, there is a 100-fold difference in chlorophyll levels at 8 hours, an 8-fold difference at 24 hours, but roughly equal amounts at 60 hours.

Dietary treatment of hypertension; clinical and metabolic studies of patients on the rice-fruit diet.
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Difficulties in assessing the nutritional quality of rice protein.
About this Resource: The biological assessment of protein quality is difficult in samples which contain relatively little protein. The difficulty is particularly severe in samples which contain protein of poor quality and, especially so, if the protein is limiting in lysine. Typical difficulties likely to be encountered are exemplified in assays of the nutritive quality of rice proteins. It is concluded that in the samples tested the relative nutritive value (RNV) of the rice protein varied from approximately 50 to 80% compared to lactalbumin, and was negatively correlated with total protein content.

Diversity of Gram negative bacteria antagonistic against major pathogens of rice from rice seed in the tropic environment.
About this Resource: More than 4000 Gram negative bacteria from 22 provinces in the Philippines were initially characterized on the basis of colony morphology and results of biochemical and pathogenicity tests. Six hundred and fifty-two strains were further identified by Biolog, from which 133 were selected for fatty acid methylester (FAME) analysis together with 80 standard reference strains. Sixteen species or types of Pseudomonas and 17 genera of non-pseudomonads were identified, more than one third of which have not been recorded in rice. The most predominant species observed were P.putida and P. fulva. About 17% of the strains of Pseudomonas and 2% of the non pseudomonads were antagonistic to one or more fungal or bacterial pathogens of rice. Rice seed is an important source of biological control agents.

Dynamic Aspects and Enhancement of Leaf Elongation in Rice.
About this Resource: Dynamic aspects of leaf elongation in rice were investigated. Under both well watered and water-deficient conditions, leaf elongation rates were 15 to 30% greater during the day than during the night. Night temperatures below 27 C limited the rate of elongation at night but when night temperatures exceeded 27 C, night elongation rates exceeded rates during the day. Dtata suggests that the rate of water uptake normally limits the rate of leaf elongation. The response to pressure could be altered by addition of an osmoticum to the root medium and elongation occurred only when the gradient of total water potential between the substrate and elongating leaf allowed water absorption.

Effect of anaerobiosis on respiratory rate, cytochrome oxidase activity and mitochondrial structures in coleoptiles of rice (Oryza sativa L.).
About this Resource: An attempt has been made to correlate respiration rate, cytochrome oxidase activity and mitochondrial structure in coleoptiles of rice, Oryza sativa L., germinated under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The rice coleoptiles emerge from the grain and elongate considerably even under complete anaerobiosis, which totally suppresses root and leaf growth. Cell number, dry weight and nitrogen content per coleoptile are all lowered, although some cell division and translocation of reserves into the coleoptile does take place under anaerobiosis. Compared with coleoptiles from air-grown seedlings, anaerobically grown coleoptiles have a much lower capacity for respiratory oxygen uptake and their cytochrome oxidase activity is depressed even more. Mitochondria, however, are still abundant in 4-day-old anaerobic coleoptiles, with a crista density only slightly lower than in cells of aerobically grown coleoptiles. Since, in the embryonic coleoptile of the ungerminated grain, mitochondria show very little internal structure, a considerable amount of elaboration of mitochondrial structure must occur in the rice coleoptile under anaerobiosis, contrasting with the situation in yeast, where mitochondria of normal structure are formed only in aerobic conditions. Since a high crista density develops in rice coleoptile mitochondria with a very much depressed cytochrome oxidase activity, there is no obligate correlation between crista density and cytochrome oxidase activity in this tissue.

Effect of Anoxia on Energy Charge and Protein Synthesis in Rice Embryo.
About this Resource: Energy charge, adenine nucleotide levels, and protein synthesis were studied during the transfer of rice seedlings from air to anoxia. Within minutes, the energy charge value dropped from 0.90 in air to 0.50 in the seed and 0.60 in the coleoptile after the transfer to a nitrogen atmosphere, and then increased to a value of 0.80 during the subsequent hours. Data indicate that high metabolic activity occurs in rice embryo under anoxia, which can be correlated with a high energy charge value.